Prof. Schwartz gave examples on a number of new emerged infectious diseases in the United States, Africa, Asia, Europe, and so on over the last century to warn people that the cause of infectious diseases will not disappear; and that we have no reason to stop the fight against them. With tremendous progress in biological sciences, together with epidemiological and microbiological surveillance to control the diseases, we may find new diagnostic techniques, new vaccines and new strategies. In particular by targeting researches on immune responses and genetic susceptibility at individual and population levels, we will find new ways to combat microbes which become resistant to drugs and antibodies.　 

　　Prof. Schwartz is a molecular biologist on bacteria. From 1985 to 1987 he became the Scientific Director of Institut Pasteur, then he took the position of General Director for 12 years. Prof. Schwartz has published more than 150 publications and several scientific books. In 2001, he published “How the cows turned mad”, which was translated in English, Japanese and Russian, and, in 2008, together with Fran？ois Rodhain, “Microbes or Men, who will win?”